Welcome to our Science Online Exam! (Seniors)

1. Cells & Microscopy – cell structure and function (plant & animal cells), use of microscopes, unicellular vs. multicellular organisms
2. Body Systems & Interactions – circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, nervous systems; how they work together
3. Reproduction in Plants & Animals – sexual and asexual reproduction, pollination, fertilisation, development
4. Ecosystems & Interdependence – food webs, energy flow, matter cycling, human impacts, and biodiversity conservation
5. Classification & Evolution – grouping organisms based on features, introduction to evolution and natural selection
6. States of Matter & Particle Model – solids, liquids, gases, particle movement, changes of state
7. Mixtures, Elements & Compounds – separation techniques, properties of substances, metals/non-metals/metalloids
8. Atomic Structure & Periodic Table – protons, neutrons, electrons, atomic number/mass, arrangement in the periodic table, simple chemical symbols and formulas
9. Chemical Reactions – signs of chemical change, word equations, combustion, acid–base, corrosion, and rates of reaction (intro)
10. Forces & Motion – balanced/unbalanced forces, Newton's laws (intro), speed, acceleration, and motion graphs
11. Energy Forms & Transformations – kinetic, potential, heat, light, sound, electrical; energy transfer and conservation
12. Simple Machines & Mechanical Advantage – levers, pulleys, gears, inclined planes
13. Earth Structure & Geological Time – layers of the Earth, plate tectonics, rock cycle, weathering, erosion
14. Natural Hazards & Earth Processes – earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, climate patterns
15. Water Cycle & Weather Systems – evaporation, condensation, rainfall, air pressure, ocean currents, climate change (intro)
16. Space Science – solar system, orbits, seasons, eclipses, lunar phases, relative sizes/distances, gravity in space, stars and galaxies (intro)
17. Scientific Measurement & Data Analysis – metric units, accuracy, precision, repeatability, graphing, identifying trends and anomalies

Biological Sciences

1. Cell Structure and Function – specialised cell organelles, cell theory, and microscopy
2. Body Systems and Interdependence – coordination of systems (nervous, endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, reproductive)
3. Ecosystem Interactions – energy flow, trophic levels, food webs, biodiversity, human impact
4. Heredity and Genetics – DNA structure, genes, chromosomes, patterns of inheritance
5. Evolution and Natural Selection – evidence, adaptation, and speciation processes
6. Disease and Immunity – infectious vs. non-infectious diseases, immune responses

Chemical Sciences

1. Atomic Structure & Periodic Table – subatomic particles, isotopes, electron shells, periodic trends, groups & periods
2. Chemical Bonding & Reactions – ionic, covalent, metallic bonding; balancing equations; reaction types (acid–base, combustion, precipitation, redox)
3. Conservation of Mass & Stoichiometry – mass relationships in chemical equations, mole concept (intro)
4. Acids, Bases & pH – properties, indicators, neutralisation, common uses
5. Rates of Reaction & Energy Changes – temperature, concentration, catalysts; endothermic & exothermic reactions

Earth & Space Sciences

1. Solar System and Beyond – planets, moons, asteroids, comets, relative distances
2. Earth's Systems – lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere interactions
3. Plate Tectonics and Geological Processes – continental drift, earthquakes, volcanoes
4. Rock Cycle and Minerals – igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic processes
5. Climate Change and Human Impact – greenhouse effect, carbon cycle, sustainability
6. Astronomy – life cycle of stars, galaxies, universe expansion, Big Bang theory

Physical Sciences

1. Forces & Motion – Newton's laws, momentum, acceleration, mass vs. weight, motion graphs
2. Energy Transfer & Transformations – mechanical, thermal, electrical, electromagnetic; conservation of energy
3. Waves & Electromagnetic Spectrum – wave properties, sound, light, reflection/refraction, radio to gamma rays
4. Electricity & Magnetism – current, voltage, resistance, Ohm's law, circuits, electromagnets, motors, generators
5. Nuclear Science – radioactivity, half-life, nuclear energy, safety

Biology (Biological Sciences)

1. Cell Biology & Biochemistry – cell structure, microscopy, biochemical processes, photosynthesis, respiration
2. Genetics & Molecular Biology – DNA structure, replication, protein synthesis, genetic technologies
3. Inheritance Patterns & Population Genetics – Mendelian and non-Mendelian inheritance, population variation
4. Evolution & Biodiversity – mechanisms of evolution, speciation, adaptive radiation, conservation biology
5. Ecology & Ecosystem Dynamics – ecosystem function, trophic levels, biogeochemical cycles, human impacts
6. Human Physiology & Regulation – homeostasis, organ systems (nervous, endocrine, circulatory, immune), disease response
7. Biotechnological Applications & Ethics – genetic engineering, cloning, CRISPR, ethical considerations

Chemistry (Chemical Sciences)

1. Atomic & Electronic Structure – atomic models, electron configuration, periodic properties
2. Bonding & Structure – ionic, covalent, metallic bonds, molecular shapes, intermolecular forces
3. Stoichiometry & Chemical Calculations – moles, mass relationships, limiting reagents, solution concentration
4. Rates, Equilibrium & Thermodynamics – reaction rates, collision theory, Le Châtelier's Principle, energy changes
5. Acids, Bases & pH – acid–base strength, pH calculations, buffer systems, titration curves
6. Redox & Electrochemistry – redox reactions, electrochemical cells, electrolysis, standard potentials
7. Organic Chemistry – functional groups (alkanes, alkenes, alcohols), polymer chemistry, organic reactions
8. Analytical Techniques – chromatography, spectroscopy (UV-Vis, NMR), qualitative and quantitative analysis

Physics (Physical Sciences)

1. Mechanics – kinematics, dynamics, Newton's laws, momentum, energy transformations
2. Thermodynamics – heat transfer, specific and latent heat, laws of thermodynamics, engines
3. Waves & Optics – wave properties, interference, diffraction, reflection, refraction, lenses, optical devices
4. Electricity & Magnetism – electric fields, circuits, Ohm's Law, magnetism, electromagnetic induction, transformers
5. Modern Physics – quantum principles, photoelectric effect, wave–particle duality, atomic models, radioactivity, nuclear reactions

Earth & Environmental Science

1. Earth System Science & Plate Tectonics – Earth's layers, plate boundaries, continental drift, mountain formation
2. Geological Time & Earth Materials – rock cycle, mineral resources, fossil record, absolute/relative dating
3. Atmosphere & Climate – climate zones, greenhouse effect, climate change, weather systems, human impact
4. Hydrosphere & Biogeochemical Cycles – water balance, global hydrologic cycle, carbon and nitrogen cycles
5. Resource Management & Sustainability – renewable vs. non-renewable resources, environmental management, conservation